Measuring Digital Inclusion for First Nations Australians

PROJECT SUMMARY

Mapping the Digital Gap co-researcher Shalarna Thorpe conducting a survey with Tuvesi Williams in Wilcannia
Mapping the Digital Gap co-researcher Shalarna Thorpe conducting a survey with Wilcannia resident

Measuring Digital Inclusion for First Nations Australians

Focus Area: News and Media
Research Program: People
Status: Active

Measuring Digital Inclusion for First Nations Australians is a three-year project funded by the Australian Government to measure digital inclusion for First Nations people nationally and track changes in the scale and nature of the digital gap relative to non-First Nations Australians.

By expanding on the Australian Digital Inclusion Index (ADII) and acting in conjunction with the Mapping the Digital Gap (MTDG) research project, this project will enable measurement and tracking of progress towards Closing the Gap Target 17 (CTG 17):

‘By 2026, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people have equal levels of digital inclusion’.

The project has First Nations leadership and governance throughout, including key staff within the research team, a First Nations steering group, contracting of a First Nations survey company, and partnership with First Nations organisations in targeted regional research sites.

The Measuring Digital Inclusion for First Nations Australians project is guided by the core values and principles outlined in the NHMRC Guidelines for ‘Ethical Conduct in Research with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples and Communities’ (2018), AIATSIS (2021) Code of Ethics for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Research, and Principles of Indigenous Data Sovereignty (e.g., Kukutai and Taylor 2016), in accordance with the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2007).

Data collected in this project will be weighted and merged with data from the ADII and Mapping the Digital Gap project to generate an index of First Nations digital inclusion across Australia. First Nations Index scores will be benchmarked against non-First Nations scores to establish a comparative framework for measuring progress on Closing the Gap Target 17. The data will be shared with the public via an expanded First Nations Dashboard on the ADII website.

To ensure a representative sample of First Nations Australians, the project is partnered with First Nations led survey company Ipsos Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Research Unit to undertake 1350 surveys in two rounds of data collection across 2025/6 and 2026/7, using a mix of online and face to face surveys.

In addition, the research team partners with First Nations organisations to conduct in-person surveys in 10 regional locations to ensure a nationally representative sample.

PUBLIC RESOURCES

First Nations Digital Inclusion Dashboard

First Nations Digital Inclusion Dashboard

Target audience: First Nations organisations and communities, government agencies, industry, researchers, general public

This First Nations digital inclusion dashboard enables First Nations organisations and communities to explore the data in ways that suit their own needs and priorities.

View Dashboard

Australian Digital Inclusion Index Dashboard

Australian Digital Inclusion Index

Target audience: Government agencies, researchers, general public

The Australian Digital Inclusion Index uses data from the Australian Internet Usage Survey to measure digital inclusion across three dimensions of Access, Affordability and Digital Ability. We explore how these dimensions vary across Australia and across different social groups.

View Dashboard

2024-5 RESEARCH SITES

Ipsos Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Research Unit (ATSIRU) collected data using a mix of methods. Working with local First Nations researchers, they conducted 1360 face to face surveys in regional and urban sites, and an additional 630 online and phone surveys via their iMob Panel.

Mapping the Digital Gap researchers conducted partnered research and collected 807 surveys in collaboration with local First Nations co-researchers in 11 remote communities.

The research team also collaborated with First Nations partner organisations to undertake 729 surveys in an additional 10 regional sites. These surveys were not available for inclusion in the 2025 Index, with results to be published in a separate report and dashboard page in early 2026.

MORE INFORMATION

Counting on Connectivity: Measuring Digital Inclusion for First Nations Australians in 2025

12 Nov 2025

View on APO

Project Plan

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Participant Information Sheet

Download Word Document

Ethics Approval

RMIT Notice of Approval
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Swinburne Notice of Approval
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RESEARCH TEAM

Distinguished Professor Julian Thomas

Prof Julian Thomas

Centre Director,
RMIT University

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Daniel Featherstone

Assoc Prof Daniel Featherstone

Principal Research Fellow,
RMIT University

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Sharon Parkinson

Assoc Prof Sharon Parkinson

Principal Research Fellow,
Swinburne University

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Kieran Hegarty

Dr Kieran Hegarty

Research Fellow,
RMIT University

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Photograph of Dr Yee Man Louie, standing in front of a lush, green garden.

Dr Yee Man Louie

Research Fellow,
RMIT University

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RESEARCH SUPPORT

Alison Barton

Alison Barton

Project Manager,
RMIT University

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Leah Hawkins

Leah Hawkins

Research Communications Officer,
RMIT University

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PARTNERS

Australian Government Logo

This project received funding support from the Australian Government

Ipsos Logo

Ipsos Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Research Unit

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Automated informality: generative frictions in ADM systems

PROJECT SUMMARY

A seller stands next to his electronic devices outside in front of graffiti art on wall.

Automated informality: generative frictions in ADM systems

Focus Areas: News & Media
Research Program: People, Data, Machines & Institutions
Status: Active

Informality, especially in economic practice, poses a recurrent problem in development literature. Economic informality is broadly associated with weaker economic outcomes: countries with larger informal sectors have lower per capita incomes, greater poverty, less financial development, and weaker growth in output, investment, and productivity. As such regimes across the globe have sought to intervene in, and formalize the informal sector through worker registration drives, technology transfers, and other interventions which attempt to expand the reach of the formal economy bringing swaths of the working population under regimes of taxation, workplace safety, and enhanced productivity.

Recently, such interventions have turned on the possibilities and promises of automation. While industrial robotics systems boost manufacturing productivity, digital platforms make possible immediate and traceable circulation of funds, even as biometric databases enable automated identity verification in commercial and civic contexts.  Here new technologies of automation hold out the potential to formalize economic practices by extending standardized protocols in the form of apps, database architectures, and machinery.

Scholars of informal work have emphasized that informal and formal economic practices have long been intertwined, and they are connected by exchanges of personnel, ideas, content, and capital as highly contingent interactions. Especially in the Global South, the informal is not exceptional but typical with informality characterizing most economic practices. In India, for example, the rise of formal IT outsourcing firms has been matched by the growth of temporary and unregulated service workers who clean the offices, fix the meals, and provide transportation to professional employees.

In Brazil, wageless trash collectors sort recyclable items from Rio de Janeiro’s municipal waste dumps enabling the operation of this public infrastructure while extracting a livelihood from reselling this waste. Far from eliminating informal economies contemporary regimes of accumulation generate value by weaving formal and informal practices together.

Currently missing from this body of scholarship is a range of contingent and non-standard work that proliferates as a result of the friction that exists within automated systems as complex self-coordinating and self-organising mechanisms. This type of work – which we call small automation – is different from gig work in that it is unregulated, opportunistic, and marginalised; it is largely invisible and opaque, but unlike ghost work, its invisibility is key to its survival.

Small automation is different from both gig work and ghost work in the sense that it encompasses a range of informal enterprises created by informal actors that circumvent, exploit, or co-opt automated systems, rather than being deployed by Silicon Valley to develop new technologies.

This project maps a range of informal automated activities that proliferate within automated systems across various empirical domains, such as click farming, CAPTCHA hacking, phone farming, dropshipping, OTP scams, fraudulent loan apps, and free jacking. The proliferation of automated informality can create unexpected implications for the operation of automated systems and our information environment more generally. Our focus on mapping automated informality works to supplement current research on gig work and ghost work while demonstrating the theoretical and empirical value of examining automated systems in context.

RESEARCHERS

Dr Dang Nguyen

Lead Investigator,
RMIT University

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Danula Hettiachchi

Dr Danula Hettiachchi

Associate Investigator,
RMIT University

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Adam Sargent

Dr Adam Sargent

Affiliate,
Australian National University (ANU)

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AI ReWired: How communities are using AI to Support Social and Environmental Justice

PROJECT SUMMARY

A persons neck wearing a microship necklace

AI ReWired: How communities are using AI to Support Social and Environmental Justice

Focus Areas: News & Media, Mobilities, Health
Research Program: People
Status: Completed

The future we are being sold is an automated wonderland, a techtopia that will use algorithms to heal our ecological crisis and restore social justice. A dream world where we enjoy endless innovation and growth in sparkling smart cities, where we are liberated from the burden of work, where the future of our species lies in billionaire funded missions to Mars.

But what if this promise sounds more like a nightmare?
What are the alternatives?

The AI ReWired project uses co-creative documentary film practice to uncover how diverse communities utilise AI systems to protect the environment, support social justice and promote fairness in their communities.

RESEARCHERS

Jeni Lee

Jeni Lee

Lead Investigator,
Monash University

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ADM+S Chief Investigator Sarah Pink

Prof Sarah Pink

Chief Investigator,
Monash University

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Dr Damiano Spina

Dr Damiano Spina

Associate Investigator,
RMIT University

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Yolande Strengers

Prof Yolande Strengers

Associate Investigator,
Monash University

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Georgia Van Toorn

Dr Georgia van Toorn

Associate Investigator,
UNSW

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Thao Phan

Dr Thao Phan

Research Fellow,
Monash University

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Emma Quilty

Dr Emma Quilty

Affiliate,
Monash University

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Melissa Gregg

De Mel Gregg

Senior Industry Fellow,
RMIT

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Nonie May

Dr Nonie May

Project support,
Monash University

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Australian Digital Inclusion Index

PROJECT SUMMARY

Australian Digital Inclusion Index

Focus Areas: News & Media, Social Services, Mobilities, Health
Status: Active

Digital inclusion is about ensuring that all Australians can access and use digital technologies effectively. We are experiencing an accelerating digital transformation in many aspects of economic and social life. Our premise is that everyone should have the opportunity to benefit from digital technologies: to manage their health, access education and services, participate in cultural activities, organise their finances, follow news and media, and connect with family, friends, and the wider world. 

The Australian Digital Inclusion Index (ADII or “Index”) uses survey data to develop Australia’s key measure of digital inclusion across three dimensions: AccessAffordability and Digital Ability. We explore how these dimensions vary across the country and across different social groups. 

 

 

In partnership with Telstra and through biennial data collections presented through reports and data visualisation dashboards, the ADII is capturing and communicating the evolving state of digital inclusion in Australia. This is complemented by aligned sub-projects with local, state and federal government departments and community partners to examine specific digital inclusion challenges for social groups or geographical regions of interest. 

A detailed measure of digital inclusion for Australia allows us to identify the critical barriers to inclusion. These may be related to accessing networks, the costs of devices or data, or skills and literacies. Through these measures, the Index shapes digital equity policy and initiatives, research, and practice to increase digital inclusion in Australia. 

Visit the ADII website 

MORE INFORMATION

The Australian Digital Inclusion Index uses data from the ADM+S project, Mapping the Digital Gap. Learn more from the project brief below.

PUBLICATIONS

Uncovering digital divide in the western parkland city

Uncovering the digital divide in the Western Parkland City

ADM+S, Telstra, NSW Government, Sydney’s Parkland Councils

Report

Measuring Australia’s Digital Divide: 2023 Australian Digital Inclusion Index

ADM+S and Telstra

Report

Telstra Connected Students: Lessons for Digital Inclusion, 2022

ADM+S and Telstra

Report

Australian Digital Inclusion Index: Measuring Digital Inclusion in North-East Victorian SMEs Summary Findings Brief, 2022

Thomas, J., Parkinson, S., et al.

Report

2021 Digital Inclusion Index

ADM+S and Telstra

Report

RESEARCHERS

ADM+S Chief Investigator Anthony McCosker

Prof Anthony McCosker

Chief Investigator,
Swinburne University

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Distinguished Professor Julian Thomas

Prof Julian Thomas

Chief Investigator,
RMIT University

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Daniel Featherstone

Assoc Prof Daniel Featherstone

Senior Research Fellow,
RMIT University

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Lyndon Ormond-Parker

Assoc Prof Lyndon Ormond-Parker

Senior Research Fellow,
RMIT University

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Kieran Hegarty

Dr Kieran Hegarty

Research Fellow,
RMIT University

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Jenny Kennedy

Assoc Prof Jenny Kennedy

Associate Investigator,
RMIT University

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Sharon Parkinson

Dr Sharon Parkinson

Associate Investigator,
Swinburne University

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RESEARCH SUPPORT

Katy Morrison

Katy Morrison

Research Coordinator,
RMIT University

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PARTNERS

Telstra

Telstra

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COLLABORATORS

Government services-2

Victorian Government Department of Government Services

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victorian women's trust-2

Victorian Women’s Trust

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Qld Gov Customer and Digital Group-2

Queensland Government Customer and Digital Group

Testbed Australia

PROJECT SUMMARY

Drone in sky

Testbed Australia

Focus Areas: Transport and Mobilities
Research Program: People

Australia has a long history as a site for scientific experimentation. The Australian land and its people have, over the course of its colonial history, been continuously treated as a “low risk” site for the empirical testing of high-risk theories and procedures.

Most recently, Big Tech corporations have begun to experiment with the country’s potential as test bed for new features and products. The streaming service Spotify used Australia as a testing site for its then experimental Discover Weekly playlist. The dating app Tinder piloted features like “Tinder Social” and “Super Like” in the Australian market before releasing it globally. And Facebook trialled its 2018 upvote downvote feature first on users based in Australia and New Zealand.

While techniques like prototyping, beta testing, and other forms of testing “in the wild” are common practices, the impacts of such testing on communities and environments are under-examined.

This project explores the role of testing, prototyping, trialling and other techniques of controlled experimentation for AI and other automated decision-making systems in Australia.

It focuses on transport and mobilities, investigating techniques of testing for the deployment of automated systems, such as those used in Autonomous vehicle (AVs) and commercial delivery drones.

It brings together expertise in feminist science and technology studies (STS), critical legal studies, and media studies to address questions such as:

  • What are the features of the environment and landscape that make Australia well-suited as a site for testing?
  • Which communities are targets for testing?
  • How does policy and other forms of state discourse contribute to creating an ideal regulatory environment for testing?
  • What are the potential harms and benefits involved?

RESEARCHERS

Thao Phan

Dr Thao Phan

Lead Investigator,
ANU,

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Jake Goldenfein

Dr Jake Goldenfein

Chief Investigator,
University of Melbourne

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Michael Richardson

Assoc Prof Michael Richardson

Associate Investigator,
UNSW

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She’s Not Alone

PROJECT SUMMARY

She's Not Alone

She’s Not Alone

Focus Area: Transport & Mobilities
Research Program: People

In partnership with Monash University’s Emerging Technologies Research Lab and She’s A Crowd, a social enterprise working to end gender-based violence, this drama-documentary invites us to consider: how people and organisations might effectively use automated decision-making (ADM) in the rideshare sector to deliver a safe and trusted service; and where the starting points for design for rideshare ADM systems and technologies should be.

She’s Not Alone is a short film co-produced by ADM+S researchers Jeni Lee and Dr Emma Equilty that highlights some of the safety issues women and gender diverse people experience in and around transport. In a world where automated systems, technology and digital data are increasingly present, the film raises discussion around automated safety features including tracking, surveillance and emergency alerts.

The docu-drama challenges the idea that artificial intelligence is the way to solve problems that arise for so many rideshare users, suggesting instead that we imagine a future where safety involves a combination of technology, human connections and community support.

RESEARCHERS

Jeni Lee

Jeni Lee

Lead Investigator,
Monash University

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Sarah Pink

Prof Sarah Pink

Chief Investigator,
Monash University

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Thao Phan

Dr Thao Phan

Research Fellow,
Monash University

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Emma Quilty

Dr Emma Quilty

Affiliate,
Monash University

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PARTNERS

She's A Crowd Logo

She’s A Crowd

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Emerging Technologies Research Lab

Emerging Technologies Research Lab, Monash University

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RELATED PROJECTS

Collateral Data: Automated Decision-Making and the Future of Credit in India

PROJECT SUMMARY

Young Indian woman looking at letter while using laptop

Collateral Data: Automated Decision-Making and the Future of Credit in India

Focus Areas: Social Services
Research Programs: People
Status: Active

This project aims to investigate the increasing use of automated decision-making systems in the provision of automated loans in India. These systems can use a potential borrower’s personal data (including call histories, location, contact lists) to create credit scores for people without formal credit histories. Hailed as a revolutionary step forward in financial inclusion on the one hand and decried as a dangerous invasion of privacy on the other, these new loan products have significant impacts.

Focusing on designers, regulators, and users of automated loans in India, the project asks how these products shape financial inclusion and socio-economic mobility at an everyday level. Through conducting interviews and collecting financial diaries the project aims to elucidate how these technologies are taken up and transform borrowers’ livelihoods and social networks.

Expected outcomes include detailed accounts of how automated financial services can exacerbate inequality even as they expand financial inclusion. Understanding these dynamics will be crucial not only for intervening in social inequality in India but also in regulating the adoption of similar practices of credit-scoring and loan distribution that are already starting to emerge in Australia. In providing a detailed picture of how ADM is changing the landscape of credit and economic inequality in a context where these tools have been widely adopted, the project seeks to provide critical foresight to regulators and industry actors in countries like Australia where data sharing, and alternative data are just beginning to be taken up in the financial sector.

RESEARCHERS

ADM+S Chief Investigator Heather Horst

Prof Heather Horst

Lead Investigator,
Western Sydney University

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Adam Sargent

Dr Adam Sargent

Affiliate,
Australian National University (ANU)

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Trust in ADM: Rethinking the anticipatory modes of technological determinism

PROJECT SUMMARY

Blurred colourful walkway

Trust in ADM: Rethinking the anticipatory modes of technological determinism

Focus Area: News and Media, Transport and Mobility, Health, and Social Services
Research Program: People
Status: Completed

If we are to bring people into the process of ADM technology design then we need to ensure that the conceptual categories that frame theory and practice in innovation account for people.

This project interrogates a suite of anticipatory categories and the arrays of concepts that support them, which are commonly used in innovation narratives, amongst industry and policy stakeholders and in academic disciplines that are complicit with their agenda—such as human-computer interaction research and other computer science and engineering disciplines, and organisation studies.

It identifies the key categories and concepts, analyses how they are mobilised in narratives of innovation, their relationships to solutionist paradigms, how they structure processes of research and how they are actually implied in research and design practice.

The project unpicks the detail of the conceptual frameworks that inform ADM as well as the ways they are engaged in the everyday work practices of developers, designers, businesses and policy makers. It also asks how we might most fruitfully define and engage such categories and concepts, in order to use them to structure interdisciplinary collaboration.

The analysis will include established anticipatory categories common in technology discourses—of trust, barriers, anxiety and acceptance—as well as contemporary (and different types of) categories such as sharing, transparency and others, which are associated with new technologies and automation. Other new and emerging concepts and categories will be identified during the course of the research.

SUB-PROJECTS

PUBLICATIONS

Emerging Technologies / Life at the Edge of the Future, 2023

Pink, S.

Book

An Anthropology of Futures and Technologies, 2023

Lanzeni, D., Pink, S., et al.

Book

Trust in Automation, 2022

Pink, S., Lupton, D., et al.

Book

Digital social work: Conceptualising a hybrid anticipatory practice, 2022

Pink, S., et al.

Journal article

Sensuous futures: re-thinking the concept of trust in design anthropology, 2021

Pink, S.

Journal article

Trusting Autonomous Vehicles: an interdisciplinary approach, 2020

Raats, K., Fors, V., Pink, S.

Journal article

RESEARCHERS

Sarah Pink

Prof Sarah Pink

Chief Investigator,
Monash University

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Mark Andrejevic

Prof Mark Andrejevic

Chief Investigator,
Monash University

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Gerard Goggin

Prof Gerard Goggin

Associate Investigator,
Western Sydney University

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ADM+S partner investigator Vaike Fors

Prof Vaike Fors

Partner Investigator,
Halmstad University

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Kaspar Raats

Dr Kaspar Raats

PhD Graduate,
Monash University

Emma Quilty

Dr Emma Quilty

Affiliate,
Monash University

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PARTNERS

Halmstad University logo

Halmstad University

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Volvo Logo

Volvo Cars (Sweden)

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Highway to the Sky

PROJECT SUMMARY

Blurred vision in airplane

Highway to the Sky

Focus Area: Transport & Mobilities
Research Program: People
Status: Completed

Highway to the Sky is a short film co-created with 3 neuro-diverse artists and art therapist Isabelle Ashford from The Art to Wellbeing.

The participants in the workshops used collage, art works and dance to imagine future mobilities and explore what sensations arise from automated travel and what they would like to be automated (or not) in the future.

The creative process elicited reflection and thoughtful responses from the project participants and highlighted their sensory experiences.

Remembering the frustration they may have previously felt on the train, for instance, might create a tightness in their chest or a dizzy sensation.

By documenting experiences of the so-called 17%, the people who see the world differently, this project reveals biases and threats of automated transport mobilities and also uncovers creative opportunity and innovation.

SHORT FILM

RESEARCHERS

Jeni Lee

Jeni Lee

Lead Investigator,
Monash University

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Sarah Pink

Prof Sarah Pink

Chief Investigator,
Monash University

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Thao Phan

Dr Thao Phan

Research Fellow,
Monash University

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Emma Quilty

Dr Emma Quilty

Affiliate,
Monash University

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RELATED PROJECTS

Flight Paths, Freeways and Railroads

PROJECT SUMMARY

My phone is my eyes

Flight Paths, Freeways and Railroads

Focus Area: Transport & Mobilities
Research Program: People
Status: Completed

Through a series of short film vignettes, this research project explores how diverse participants currently experience transport mobilities and how automated technologies might be part of our future lives.

These films aim to surface impacts of ADM that haven’t been accounted for and explore barriers and biases propagated and amplified by ADM in society.

In 2021, filmmaker Jeni Lee accompanied and filmed two blind and one deaf participant as they moved around urban and regional spaces. The act of commuting was intended to elicit reflection and thoughtful responses from the research participants. Each participant’s commute forms the backbone and narrative arc of a short film.

Flight Paths, Freeways and Open Roads still preview

RESEARCHERS

Jeni Lee

Jeni Lee

Lead Investigator,
Monash University

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Sarah Pink

Prof Sarah Pink

Chief Investigator,
Monash University

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Thao Phan

Dr Thao Phan

Research Fellow,
Monash University

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Emma Quilty

Dr Emma Quilty

Affiliate,
Monash University

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RELATED PROJECTS

Future Automated Mobilities: Imaginaries and possibilities for a world in crisis

PROJECT SUMMARY

Pod Man Artwork

Future Automated Mobilities: Imaginaries and possibilities for a world in crisis

Focus Area: Transport & Mobilities
Research Program: People
Status: Completed

Future visions of self-driving cars, digital mobility services, flying taxis and autonomous industrial vehicles dominate industry and policy hype; new mobilities technologies, communities and aspirations are rapidly shaping; and automated and connected mobility technologies are increasingly present, and unevenly distributed in everyday life.

Our research addresses how these and other shifts in and imaginaries of mobilities technologies, services, communities and personal trajectories are changing the landscape of everyday mobility, and reframes emerging automated and connected mobility technologies and data as part of inclusive and diverse everyday worlds and respectful, responsible futures.

To achieve this we will develop critical and innovative methods of research and engagement including documentary film and design materials.

This project will:

  1. Determine how future automated (and automated features of) transport mobilities are being reimagined in post COVID-19 and post-bushfire crisis -across industry, policy and everyday life.
  2. Investigate what can be done to design differently, so that we do not simply replicate the problem-solution paradigm of the innovation paradigm when considering the place of ADM in future mobilities.
  3. Develop innovative interventional and interdisciplinary (design ethnographic) research methods through which to undertake this research
  4. Propose pathways towards open designs that social innovation will play a part in and suggest how ADM might play an ethical, responsible and beneficial (to people) role?
How would you like to travel in the future?

REPORT

Automated Decision-Making for Future Transport and Mobilities: Stakeholder Perspectives

2023

View report

Automated Decision Making in Transport Mobilities - Front Cover

Automated decision making in transport mobilities: review of industry trends and visions for the future

12 August 2022

View report

SUB-PROJECTS

RESEARCHERS

Thao Phan

Dr Thao Phan

Lead Investigator,
Monash University

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Sarah Pink

Prof Sarah Pink

Chief Investigator,
Monash University

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ADM+S partner investigator Vaike Fors

Prof Vaike Fors

Partner Investigator,
Halmstad University

Learn more

Jeni Lee

Jeni Lee

Research Fellow,
Monash University

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Kaspar Raats

Kaspar Raats

PhD Student,
Monash University

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Emma Quilty

Dr Emma Quilty

Affiliate,
Monash University

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PARTNERS

Halmstad University logo

Halmstad University

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Seeing the Road Ahead

PROJECT SUMMARY

Seeing the road ahead

Seeing the Road Ahead

Focus Area: Transport & Mobilities
Research Program: People
Status: Completed

Vision is central to the field of autonomous vehicle (AV) research. While much of the research into AVs has focused on the technical aspects of vision, such as object recognition and sensor development, this project turns instead to its social, cultural, and political dimensions.

Our goal is to counter corporate and industry visions of self-driving cars by using creative methods to explore alternate visions.

These visions are drawn from Australian popular culture as well as through interactive, creative workshops with everyday Australian people. We hope that these methods help us to develop a uniquely national case study, and to demonstrate the value of using creative methods for understanding speculative and emerging technologies.

RESEARCHERS

Thao Phan

Dr Thao Phan

Lead Investigator,
Monash University

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Sarah Pink

Prof Sarah Pink

Chief Investigator,
Monash University

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Jeni Lee

Jeni Lee

Research Fellow,
Monash University

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Emma Quilty

Dr Emma Quilty

Affiliate,
Monash University

Learn more

RELATED PROJECTS

Mapping ADM Across Sectors

PROJECT SUMMARY

Blurred crowd of people

Mapping ADM Across Sectors

Focus Areas: News and Media, Transport and Mobility, Health, and Social Services
Research Programs: Data, Machines, Institutions, and People
Status: Active

ADM systems have the potential to greatly improve the overall quality of life in society, but they may also exacerbate social, political, and economic inequality. The role they play in reinforcing, reproducing, and reconfiguring power relations is, as recent events demonstrate, a key concern with respect to the deployment of automated decision making systems. When such systems are used to decide how benefits, resources, services, or information are allocated in society, they bear directly on the character and quality of life in that society. We are interested in both the potential benefits of the deployment of the technology and the potential harms. We do not treat such systems in the abstract, but are centrally concerned with the social, political, and economic relations in which they are embedded and which shape their deployment. A key question for the ADM+S Centre, in other words, is not just how best to design and deploy the technology, but what economic and political arrangements are most compatible with their fair, ethical, responsible, and democratic use.

The Social Issues in Automated Decision-Making report brings together material collected from discussions with leaders in the Centre’s focus areas and feedback from an international collection of experts in their respective domains. For each focus area we followed a similar methodology for canvassing key social issues. We started by discussing key social issues with Focus Area leaders and their teams. We then canvassed the academic literature, reports by industry groups and relevant independent organisations, and media coverage. For each area, we sought to identify key applications of ADM and the possible social benefits and harms with which they are associated. We also sought to identify continuities in these social issues both within and across the Centre’s main focus areas.

This is neither a final nor a definitive report. It marks the first step in the Centre’s ongoing social issues mapping project. The document will develop over time to reflect the insights that emerge from ongoing collaborations.

Read the report.

PUBLICATIONS

Social issues in ADM

Social Issues in Automated Decision Making, 2022

O’Neill, C., Sadowski, J.,  Andrejevic, M. et al

Report

RESEARCHERS

Mark Andrejevic

Prof Mark Andrejevic

Lead Investigator,
Monash University

Learn more

Paul Henman

Prof Paul Henman

Chief Investigator,
University of Queensland

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ADM+S Investigator Ramon Lobato

Assoc Prof Ramon Lobato

Associate Investigator,
RMIT University

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Jathan Sadowski

Dr Jathan Sadowski

Associate Investigator,
Monash University

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Georgia Van Toorn

Dr Georgia van Toorn

Associate Investigator,
UNSW

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Kelly Lewis

Dr Kelly Lewis

Research Fellow,
Monash University

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Christopher O'Neill

Dr Christopher O’Neil

Research Fellow,
Monash University

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Daniel Binns

Dr Daniel Binns

Affiliate,
RMIT University

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Lyndal Sleep profile picture

Dr Lyndal Sleep

Affiliate,
Central Queensland University

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PARTNERS

OVIC Logo

Office of the Victorian Information Commissioner

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Australian Red Cross Logo

Australian Red Cross

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Mapping the Digital Gap

PROJECT SUMMARY

Two women sit in chairs. The woman on the left is wearing a dark blue tank top and is holding an iPad and they are both looking at. The woman on the right is wearing a black T-shirt with a white graphic on it
Co-researcher Guruwuy Ganambarr doing survey with resident Alissia Wirrpanda in in Gäṉgaṉ Community, NT

Mapping the Digital Gap

Focus Area: News and Media
Research Program: People
Status: Active

Improving digital inclusion outcomes and access to services in remote Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities is critically important for informed decision making and agency. We are experiencing an accelerating digital transformation in many aspects of economic and social life.

However, there is a digital inclusion gap between First Nations Australians and other Australians, with those living in the 1,545 remote First Nations communities and homelands among the most digitally excluded people in Australia.

Mapping the Digital Gap is a supplementary project of the Australian Digital Inclusion Index (ADII), established through the ADM+S Centre in partnership with Telstra in 2021 to address a lack of data on remote First Nations digital inclusion. The objectives are to:

  1. Generate a detailed account of the distribution of digital inclusion across Indigenous communities;
  2. Track changes in measures of digital inclusion for these communities over time;
  3. Inform the development and evaluation of appropriate local strategies for improving digital inclusion capabilities and services enabling informed decision making; and
  4. Provide evidence to inform policy and program resourcing by government and industry.

Mapping the Digital Gap utilises a communicative ecologies approach to data collection that considers all ways that remote First Nations communities access and share information; from internet access and digital services to basic telephony, TV and radio and face-to-face communication. The research team partners with local organisations and employs co-researchers in each community to ensure Indigenous leadership is involved in all steps of the process, and local engagement in the project.

Working in partnership with 12 local First Nations organisations in remote communities over three years across 2022-2024, the ADII and Mapping the Digital Gap found a national digital gap of 7.5 between First Nations people and other Australians. This gap widens significantly with remoteness to 24.4 for remote First Nations people and 25.4 for very remote.

Mapping the Digital Gap has been renewed for an additional four years and will commence research in new sites from 2025-2028, continuing to track progress against Closing the Gap target 17 and inform government and industry on targeted policy and program investment in First Nations digital inclusion.

MORE INFORMATION

PUBLIC RESOURCES

Australian Digital Inclusion Index

Target audience: Government agencies, researchers, general public

The Australian Digital Inclusion Index uses data from the Australian Internet Usage Survey to measure digital inclusion across three dimensions of Access, Affordability and Digital Ability. We explore how these dimensions vary across Australia and across different social groups.

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First Nations Digital Inclusion Dashboard

Target audience: Government agencies, researchers, general public

This First Nations page provides a snapshot of the scale of the Digital Gap for First Nations people compared with other Australians, by remoteness categories. It includes results from 10 remote and very remote communities surveyed under the Mapping the Digital Gap project (2022-2024).

View Dashboard

OUTCOMES REPORTS

2024 Outcomes Report

3 December 2024

The Mapping the Digital Gap project was the first comprehensive study of remote First Nations communities’ participation in, and access to, the digital economy. It examines progress against Closing the Gap Target 17 that by 2026, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people have equal levels of digital inclusion. Between 2022 and 2024, project researchers undertook 32 site visits to 12 communities, conducting data collection in partnership with local First Nations organisations. This report updates the 2023 Outcomes Report, with a focus on the most significant changes registered over the 2022-2024 period. During this time, there has been significant investment in improving telecommunications infrastructure, including a new mobile service and roll-out of Wi-Fi mesh networks or hotspots in several communities.

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Mapping the digital gap 2023 outcomes report

2023 Outcomes Report

27 September 2023

This first outcomes report provides an overview of the first year findings from 2022 research visits. It covers key survey results and indicators of the digital gap; context and findings for each of the ten research sites; and analysis of results across the three ADII dimensions of digital inclusion – Access, Affordability and Digital Ability – as well as the crucial role of service delivery and news and media access in these communities. Case studies, photos and quotes from interviews highlight the on-the-ground experience for residents and service providers across the research sites.

Read on APO
Watch Report Launch on Youtube

COMMUNITY REPORTS

Mapping the Digital Gap publishes comprehensive reports from each visit to remote First Nations communities each year. You can find a complete directory of the Community Outcomes and Update reports on the project website

RESEARCHERS

Distinguished Professor Julian Thomas

Prof Julian Thomas

Chief Investigator,
RMIT University

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Lauren Ganley

Lauren Ganley

Head of First Nations Strategy & Engagement,
Telstra

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Daniel Featherstone

Dr Daniel Featherstone

Senior Research Fellow,
RMIT University

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Lyndon Ormond-Parker

Dr Lyndon Ormond-Parker

Principal Research Fellow,
RMIT University

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Sharon Parkinson

Assoc Prof Sharon Parkinson

Principal Research Fellow,
Swinburne University

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Kieran Hegarty

Dr Kieran Hegarty

Research Fellow,
RMIT University

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Jenny Kennedy

Assoc Prof Jenny Kennedy

Associate Investigator,
RMIT University

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RESEARCH SUPPORT

Alison Barton

Alison Barton

Project Manager,
RMIT University

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Leah Hawkins

Leah Hawkins

Research Communications Officer,
RMIT University

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PARTNERS

Telstra

Telstra

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Diverse Experiences of ADM: Design, Curation and Use

PROJECT SUMMARY

Research Materials

Diverse Experiences of ADM: Design, Curation and Use

Focus Areas: News and Media, Transport and Mobility, Health, and Social Services
Research Program: People
Status: Active

The ‘Diverse Experiences of ADM’ is the overarching thematic title for a collection of studies that examine the social, cultural and ethical dimensions of how people understand and experience ADM and other new and emerging technologies. This project explores how members of diverse communities shape existing, emerging and future practices of ADM in an effort to understand and develop equitable futures. Several studies address disabled people’s lived experiences of ADM and other emerging technologies and what services they would like to see introduced to better support their care and wellbeing. Others look at health technology startups and the thinking behind developers’ visions of future technologies and identify how health and medical technologies are portrayed in Australian industry websites and news reports. One strand addresses gender, sexual health and digital contraception technologies.

Digital mental health is also a focus of some of the studies conducted in this project. There is a strong emphasis on using participatory, experimental, creative and arts-based methods to conduct research and to engage in community research translation and engagement, including artworks, zines and exhibitions. There is also a more-than-human orientation across this project, identifying the entanglements of humans not only with digital devices, software and data but with other animals and living things and the physical elements of the ecosystems in which these technologies are imagined, developed, promoted, used or resisted.

PUBLICATIONS

The Internet of Animals: Human-Animal Relationships in the Digital Age, 2023

Lupton, D.

Book

Health information in creative translation: establishing a collaborative project of research and exhibition making, 2023

Watson, A., Wozniak-O’Connor, V., Lupton, D.

Journal article

More-than-Human Wellbeing, 2023

Lupton, D., Watson, A., et al.

Exhibition reader

Talking/Flowers, 2023

Watson, A.

Zine

Everyday Automation: Experiencing and Anticipating Emerging Technologies, 2022

Pink, S., Lupton, D., et al.

Book

Digitized and datafied embodiment: a more-than-human approach, 2022

Lupton, D., Clark, M., et al.

Book chapter

Everyday automation: setting a research agenda, 2022

Lupton, D., Pink, S., et al.

Book chapter

The quantified pandemic: digitised surveillance, containment and care in response to the COVID-19 crisis, 2022

Lupton, D.

Book chapter

Re-Imagining Care Through Arts-Based Methods, 2022

Watson, A., Rose, M.

Zine

The futures of qualitative research in the COVID-19 era: experimenting with creative and digital methods, 2022

Lupton, D., Watson, A., et al.

Book chapter

Remote fieldwork in homes during the COVID-19 pandemic: video-call ethnography and map drawing methods, 2022

Watson, A., Lupton, D.

Journal article

The presence and perceptibility of personal digital data: findings from a participant map drawing method, 2022

Lupton, D., Watson, A., et al.

Journal article

Research-creations for speculating about digitised automation: bringing creative writing prompts and vital materialism into the sociology of futures, 2022

Watson, A., Lupton, D.

Journal article

From human-centric digital health to digital One Health: crucial new directions for planetary health, 2022

Lupton, D.

Journal article

(Dis)assembling mental health through apps: the sociomaterialities of young adults’ experiences, 2022

Flore, J.

Journal article

The COVID digital home assemblage: transforming the home into a work space during the crisis, 2021

Watson, A., Lupton, D., et al.

Journal article

Pandemic fitness assemblages: the sociomaterialities and affective dimensions of exercising at home during the COVID-19 crisis, 2021

Clark, M., Lupton, D.

Journal article

The Lancet and Financial Times Commission on governing health futures 2030: growing up in a digital world, 2021

Lupton, D., et al.

Journal article

Living in, with and beyond the ‘smart home, 2021

Lupton, D., Pink, S., Horst, H.

Book chapter

RESEARCHERS

ADM+S Chief Investigator Heather Horst

Prof Heather Horst

Lead Investigator,
Western Sydney University

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Prof Deborah Lupton

Lead Investigator,
UNSW

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Sarah Pink

Prof Sarah Pink

Lead Investigator,
Monash University

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Jackie Leach Scully profile picture

Prof Jackie Leach Scully

Chief Investigator,
UNSW

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Georgia Van Toorn

Dr Georgia van Toorn

Associate Investigator,
UNSW

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Cecily Klim

Cecily Klim

PhD Student,
UNSW

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Megan Rose NEW

Dr Megan Rose

PhD Student,
UNSW

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Jacinthe Flore

Dr Jacinthe Flore

Affiliate,
University of Melbourne

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PARTNERS AND COLLABORATING ORGANISATIONS

Consumer Health Forum of Australia Logo

Consumers Health Forum of Australia

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Health Consumers NSW

Health Consumers NSW

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The Automated Newsroom in Australia and beyond: Problems and challenges in the use of automated decision-making systems in journalistic practice

PROJECT SUMMARY

Lady with glasses looking at computer screen

The Automated Newsroom in Australia and beyond: Problems and challenges in the use of automated decision-making systems in journalistic practice

Focus Area: News and Media
Research Program: People
Status: Active

This interview-driven research project provides a comprehensive overview of current journalistic designs and values following the implementation of automated tools and Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Australian commercial and public service newsrooms. It delves into the current configurations of editorial automation, specifically during the pandemic and before the development of generative AI times in datafied societies. The study explored how journalists, editors, and developers imbue with journalistic ideals the creation and industrialisation of automation processes, data-centric tools and types of AI in different stages of editorial work ranging from information gathering, data journalism, automated writing and summarising, producing and editing, visualising, distributing and recommending.

Drawing on a purposeful sampling method, that is, choosing practitioners who were most likely to be working on a daily basis with automated technologies, 17 journalists from the leading national and regional outlets, were interviewed out of 100 professionals invited to participate during the pandemic years. The study concludes that while this critical incident impelled journalists to be more familiar with data journalism practices and data management processes, the situation was not enough to accelerate complex automated processes such as, for example, automated text generation or any ML uses. The amount of COVID-19-related data being monitored, collected and then delivered to newsrooms by government and public entities (e.g., cases, infections, deaths, hospitalisations, and numbers of vaccinated Australians, among other structured data) animated some journalists and developers in Australia to incorporate, adapt and reassess to a certain extent some data tasks embedded in the production routines during this acute incident. However, automated-generated text during the pandemic was not sustainable in the long term due to the characteristics of the Australian news market, and audience news avoidance. Some participants reported that these automating processes were challenging to sustain also because of the evolving consumption trends during the pandemic. On the other hand, the study also outlines increasing uses of AI commercial tools, such as transcription applications and some advances in implementing news recommender systems (NRS) and voice assistants, such as the ABC emergency voice assistance.
Commercial outlets have progressively adopted algorithmic systems regarding news recommendations, but the development “is still in its infancy”. Although the study could not cover the popularisation of generative AI, unveils trends and perceptions of AI, which would require an expansion in a second round of interviews.

The second stage of this project replicates the Australian study in Latin American newsrooms (with a project agreement titled: Envisioning automated journalism in Latin America). Currently, collaborators on this project from La Sabana and the lead investigator are interviewing outlets practitioners in the region. To undertake the Latin American study, the lead investigator submitted an ethics extension based on Project 421 to be able to interview participants in that region until 2024.

The project developed one important ramification and collaboration with the Centre-affiliated investigators and one Latin American University. With the ADM+S affiliated researcher, Dr Michelle Riedlinger, from the Global Journalism Innovation Lab (GJIL) and the Digital Media Research Centre, and Dr Victor Garcia Perdomo from Universidad de La Sabana (Colombia), as well as Dr Marina Joubert from Stellenbosch University, we submitted a project to the Research Foundational Integrity Meta Grant. This study was awarded funding in December 2022 and started in 2023. It incorporates questions on automated fact-checking in counteracting misinformation and disinformation. The overarching investigation delves into the uses of social media algorithmic tactics deployed by Meta-affiliated fact-checkers in the Southern Hemisphere to counteract COVID-19 vaccine problematic content. These organisations follow the Meta fact-checking policies and have access to automated and AI platform tools for misinformation detection. We explored their uses and algorithmic practices with a particular focus on the Southern Hemisphere.

RESEARCHERS

Dr Silvia Montaña-Niño profile picture

Dr Silvia Ximena Montana-Nino

Project lead,
University of Melbourne

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ADM+S Associate Director Jean Burgess

Prof Jean Burgess

Chief Investigator,
QUT

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Axel Bruns, Chief Investigator with the ADM+S Centre

Prof Axel Bruns

Chief Investigator,
QUT

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ADM+S Chief Investigator Heather Horst

Prof Heather Horst

Chief Investigator,
Western Sydney University

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PARTNERS

ABC logo

Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC)

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Decentering ADM: A Review of Automated Decision-Making in the Global South

PROJECT SUMMARY

Cash register with payment barcode in a shop in Delhi

Decentering ADM: A Review of Automated Decision-Making in the Global South

Focus Areas: News and Media, Transport and Mobility, Health, and Social Services
Research Program: People
Status: Active

The Decentering Automated Decision-Making report offers a framework for studying automated decision-making technologies and their social effects that challenges and subverts this framing of ADM as spreading from the West. This is the centre that we aim to destabilize and displace by offering accounts of how ADM is being done otherwise. Here we do not limit ourselves to redemptive stories of emancipatory projects involving ADM, although readers may find elements of this. Rather we aim both to challenge dominant narratives of unidirectional flows of algorithmic power while also demonstrating what accounts that do not presume such dynamics might look like.

To do this we focus on parts of the world that are often left out of global narratives of ADM by bringing together academic and grey literature, online resources and interviews with key stakeholders in underrepresented regions (Africa, Caribbean, China, Latin America, Pacific Islands, South and Southeast Asia). We frame this as contributing to the Centre of Excellence as contributing to this broader project of decentering who, where, and how engagement with automated decision-making takes place. prioritise places and contexts in the world that were less visible in the field to demonstrate the diversity of ways in which ADM was being imagined, anticipated or practiced in different parts of the world.

PUBLICATIONS

5G and the digital imagination: Pacific Islands perspectives from Fiji and Papua New Guinea, 2023

Horst, H., Foster, R.

Journal article

Framing Fashion: Human-machine learning and the Amazon Echo Look, 2022

Horst, H., Mohammid, S.

Book chapter

Looking professional: How women decide what to wear with and through automated technologies. 2021

Horst, H., et al.

Journal article

RESEARCHERS

ADM+S Chief Investigator Heather Horst

Prof Heather Horst

Lead Investigator,
WSU

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Adam Sargent

Dr Adam Sargent

Affiliate,
Australian National University (ANU)

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PARTNERS

Australian Red Cross Logo

Australian Red Cross

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